問(wèn)題描述

看看下面的代碼(只是為了好玩)

Check out the following code (written just for fun)

namespace N
{
   template<typename T>
   struct K
   {

   };
}
template<typename T>
struct X
{
   typename T::template K<T> *p; //should give error 
                                 //N::K<int> has no template member named `K`
};

int main()
{
   X<N::K<int> > l;
}

代碼在 g++(4.5.1) 和 Clang 上編譯，而 Comeau 和 Intel C++ 給出(類(lèi)似)錯(cuò)誤.

The code gets compiled on g++(4.5.1) and Clang whereas Comeau and Intel C++ give (similar) errors.

我在 Comeau 上遇到的錯(cuò)誤是:

The errors that I get on Comeau are :

"ComeauTest.c", line 13: error: class "N::K<int>" has no member "K"
     typename T::template K<T> *p;
                          ^
          detected during instantiation of class "X<T> [with T=N::K<int>]" at
                    line 18

"ComeauTest.c", line 13: error: expected an identifier
     typename T::template K<T> *p;
                           ^
          detected during instantiation of class "X<T> [with T=N::K<int>]" at
                    line 18

所以我的問(wèn)題是代碼示例格式錯(cuò)誤嗎?"據(jù)我說(shuō)是".這是否意味著這是 g++/Clang 中的另一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤?

So my question is "Is the code sample ill-formed ?" According to me "Yes". Does that mean this is yet another bug in g++/Clang?

推薦答案

為什么 GCC 和 Clang 認(rèn)為他們是對(duì)的

K，即注入的類(lèi)名，在K的范圍內(nèi)具有雙重性質(zhì).您可以在沒(méi)有模板參數(shù)的情況下使用它.然后它引用 K(指向它自己的類(lèi)型).

Why GCC and Clang think they are right

K, which is the injected class name, has a dual nature in the scope of K<int>. You can use it without template arguments. Then it refers to K<int> (to its own type).

它后面也可以跟一個(gè)模板參數(shù)列表.IMO 可以合理地說(shuō)您需要使用 template 作為前綴，因?yàn)榻馕銎髋c后面的 < 有歧義.然后它引用由模板參數(shù)確定的指定類(lèi)型.

It can be followed by a template argument list too. IMO it's reasonable to say that you need to prefix it with template because of the parser ambiguity with the < that follows. It then refers to the specified type that's determined by the template arguments.

因此可以將其視為成員模板和嵌套類(lèi)型，具體取決于它后面是否跟有模板參數(shù)列表.當(dāng)然，K 并不是真正的成員模板.盡管如此，注入的類(lèi)名的雙重性質(zhì)在我看來(lái)更像是一種黑客攻擊.

So it can be treated as a member template and as a nested type, depending on whether it's followed by a template argument list. Of course, K is not really a member template. The dual nature of the injected class name seems to me more of a hack anyway, though.

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有一個(gè)這樣的例子:

The Standard has an example that reads like this:

template <class T> struct Base { };
template <class T> struct Derived: Base<int>, Base<char> {
   typename Derived::Base b; // error: ambiguous
   typename Derived::Base<double> d; // OK
};

人們可能傾向于由此得出結(jié)論，目的是您可以放棄模板.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)說(shuō)

One might be inclined to conclude from this that the intent is that you could leave off the template. The Standard says

對(duì)于要由模板參數(shù)顯式限定的模板名稱(chēng)，必須知道該名稱(chēng)以引用模板.

For a template-name to be explicitly qualified by the template arguments, the name must be known to refer to a template.

我看不出這如何不適用于 T::K.如果 T 是一個(gè)依賴(lài)類(lèi)型，那么你可以向后靠，因?yàn)樵诮馕鏊鼤r(shí)你不知道 K 指的是什么，所以為了理解代碼，你只需要能夠以 template 為前綴.請(qǐng)注意，n3225 也有這個(gè)例子，但它不是一個(gè)缺陷:如果你在 C++0x 中查找模板自己的范圍(它被稱(chēng)為當(dāng)前實(shí)例化")，你可以正式放棄 template.

I can't see how this wouldn't apply to T::K<T>. If T is a dependent type then you can just lean back because you can't know what K refers to when parsing it, so to make any sense of the code, you just have to be able to prefix it with template. Notice that n3225 has that example too, but it's not a defect there: You can officially leave off template if you lookup into the template's own scope in C++0x (it's called the "current instantiation").

所以到目前為止，Clang 和 GCC 都很好.

So until now, Clang and GCC are fine.

為了讓它更復(fù)雜，我們將不得不考慮 K 的構(gòu)造函數(shù).隱式聲明了一個(gè)默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)和一個(gè)復(fù)制構(gòu)造函數(shù).名稱(chēng) K::K 將引用 K 的構(gòu)造函數(shù) 除非 使用的名稱(chēng)查找將忽略函數(shù)(構(gòu)造函數(shù))名稱(chēng).typename T::K 會(huì)忽略函數(shù)名嗎?3.4.4/3 說(shuō)明了詳細(xì)的類(lèi)型說(shuō)明符，其中 typename ... 是其中之一:

Just to make it even more complicated, we will have to consider the constructors of K<int>. There is a default constructor and a copy constructor implicitly declared. A name K<int>::K will refer to the constructor(s) of K<int> unless the name lookup used will ignore function (constructor) names. Will typename T::K ignore function names? 3.4.4/3 says about elaborated type specifiers, which typename ... is one of:

如果名稱(chēng)是qualified-id，則根據(jù)其限定條件查找名稱(chēng)，如3.4.3 所述，但忽略任何已聲明的非類(lèi)型名稱(chēng).

If the name is a qualified-id, the name is looked up according its qualifications, as described in 3.4.3, but ignoring any non-type names that have been declared.

然而，typename ... 使用不同的查找.14.6/4 說(shuō)

However, a typename ... uses different lookup. 14.6/4 says

通常的限定名稱(chēng)查找 (3.4.3) 用于查找限定 ID，即使存在 typename 也是如此.

The usual qualified name lookup (3.4.3) is used to find the qualified-id even in the presence of typename.

3.4.3 的通常限定查找不會(huì)忽略非類(lèi)型名稱(chēng)，如 14.6/4 所附示例所示.因此，我們將找到 3.4.3.1/1a 中指定的構(gòu)造函數(shù)(僅在 not 忽略非類(lèi)型時(shí)才會(huì)發(fā)生的附加扭曲是由后來(lái)的缺陷報(bào)告添加的，所有流行的 C++03 編譯器雖然實(shí)現(xiàn)):

The usual qualified lookup of 3.4.3 won't ignore non-type names, as illustrated by the example attached to 14.6/4. So, we will find the constructor(s) as specified by 3.4.3.1/1a (the additional twist that this only happens when non-types are not ignored was added by a later defect report, which all popular C++03 compilers implement though):

如果嵌套名稱(chēng)說(shuō)明符指定一個(gè)類(lèi) C，并且在嵌套名稱(chēng)說(shuō)明符后面指定的名稱(chēng)在 C 中查找時(shí)是 C 的注入類(lèi)名稱(chēng)(第 9 條)，則名稱(chēng)為而是考慮命名類(lèi) C 的構(gòu)造函數(shù).這樣的構(gòu)造函數(shù)名稱(chēng)只能在出現(xiàn)在類(lèi)定義之外的構(gòu)造函數(shù)定義的聲明符中使用.

If the nested-name-specifier nominates a class C, and the name specified after the nested-name-specifier, when looked up in C, is the injected-class-name of C (clause 9), the name is instead considered to name the constructor of class C. Such a constructor name shall be used only in the declarator-id of a constructor definition that appears outside of the class definition.

所以最后，我認(rèn)為 comeau 的診斷是正確的，因?yàn)槟鷩L試將模板參數(shù)列表放在非模板上，并且還違反了最后一部分中引用的要求(您在其他地方使用了該名稱(chēng)).

So in the end, I think comeau is correct to diagnose this, because you try to put a template argument list onto a non-template and also violate the requirement quoted in the last part (you use the name elsewhere).

讓我們通過(guò)派生類(lèi)訪問(wèn)注入的名稱(chēng)來(lái)更改它，這樣就不會(huì)發(fā)生構(gòu)造函數(shù)名稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)換，并且您真的訪問(wèn)了類(lèi)型，以便您真的 可以附加模板參數(shù):

Let's change it by accessing the injected name by a derived class, so no constructor name translation occurs, and you really access the type so that you really can append the template arguments:

// just replace struct X with this:
template<typename T>
struct X
{
   struct Derived : T { };
   typename Derived::template K<T> *p;
};

現(xiàn)在所有東西都可以用 comeau 編譯了！請(qǐng)注意，我已經(jīng)向 clang 做了關(guān)于這件事的問(wèn)題報(bào)告.請(qǐng)參閱錯(cuò)誤的構(gòu)造函數(shù)名稱(chēng)解析.順便說(shuō)一句，如果你在 K 中聲明了一個(gè)默認(rèn)構(gòu)造函數(shù)，如果你使用 T::K

Everything compiles now with comeau too! Notice I already did problem report to clang about this exact thing. See Incorrect constructor name resolution. BTW, if you declare a default constructor in K, you can see comeau give a better error message if you use T::K<int>

"ComeauTest.c", line 13: error: overloaded function "N::K<T>::K [with T=int]" is
          not a template
     typename T::template K<T> *p;

這篇關(guān)于g++/Clang 中的另一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤?[C++ 模板很有趣]的文章就介紹到這了，希望我們推薦的答案對(duì)大家有所幫助，也希望大家多多支持html5模板網(wǎng)！