問題描述

我遇到了 Jake VanderPlas 提出的這個問題，我不確定我對導入 numpy 模塊后結果為何不同的理解是否完全正確.

I came across this problem by Jake VanderPlas and I am not sure if my understanding of why the result differs after importing the numpy module is entirely correct.

>>print(sum(range(5),-1)
>> 9
>> from numpy import *
>> print(sum(range(5),-1))
>> 10

似乎在第一種情況下，sum 函數計算迭代的總和，然后從總和中減去第二個 args 值.

It seems like in the first scenario the sum function calculates the sum over the iterable and then subtracts the second args value from the sum.

在第二種情況下，在導入 numpy 后，函數的行為似乎發生了變化，因為第二個 arg 用于指定執行求和的軸.

In the second scenario, after importing numpy, the behavior of the function seems to have modified as the second arg is used to specify the axis along which the sum should be performed.

練習編號 (24)來源 - http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html

Exercise number (24) Source - http://www.labri.fr/perso/nrougier/teaching/numpy.100/index.html

推薦答案

只添加我的5個迂腐幣到@Warren Weckesser 回答.真的 from numpy import * 不會覆蓋 builtins sum 函數，它只是陰影 __builtins__.sum，因為 from ... import * 語句將導入模塊中定義的所有名稱(以下劃線開頭的名稱除外)綁定到您當前的 global 命名空間.并且根據 Python 的名稱解析規則(非官方 LEGB 規則)，global 命名空間在 __builtins__ 命名空間之前查找.因此，如果 Python 找到所需的名稱，在您的情況下為 sum，它會返回綁定的對象并且不會進一步查找.

Only to add my 5 pedantic coins to @Warren Weckesser answer. Really from numpy import * does not overwrite the builtins sum function, it only shadows __builtins__.sum, because from ... import * statement binds all names defined in the imported module, except those beginning with an underscore, to your current global namespace. And according to Python's name resolution rule (unofficialy LEGB rule), the global namespace is looked up before __builtins__ namespace. So if Python finds desired name, in your case sum, it returns you the binded object and does not look further.

編輯:向您展示發生了什么:

EDIT: To show you what is going on:

 In[1]: print(sum, ' from ', sum.__module__)    # here you see the standard `sum` function
Out[1]: <built-in function sum>  from  builtins

 In[2]: from numpy import *                     # from here it is shadowed
        print(sum, ' from ', sum.__module__)
Out[2]: <function sum at 0x00000229B30E2730>  from  numpy.core.fromnumeric

 In[3]: del sum                                 # here you restore things back
        print(sum, ' from ', sum.__module__)
Out[3]: <built-in function sum>  from  builtins

第一個說明:del 不會刪除對象，它是垃圾收集器的任務，它只是取消引用"名稱綁定并從當前命名空間中刪除名稱.

First note: del does not delete objects, it is a task of garbage collector, it only "dereference" the name-bindings and delete names from current namespace.

第二個說明:內置sum函數的簽名是sum(iterable[, start]):

將 start 和 iterable 的項目從左到右求和并返回總數.start 默認為 0.iterable的item一般是數字，起始值不允許是字符串.

Sums start and the items of an iterable from left to right and returns the total. start defaults to 0. The iterable‘s items are normally numbers, and the start value is not allowed to be a string.

我你的情況 print(sum(range(5),-1) 用于內置 sum 總和以 -1 開頭.所以從技術上講，你的短語 iterable 的總和，然后從總和中減去第二個 args 值 是不正確的.對于數字，以 或 add/subtract<開始并不重要/em> 稍后.但是對于列表它確實如此(愚蠢的例子只是為了展示這個想法):

 In[1]: sum([[1], [2], [3]], [4])
Out[1]: [4, 1, 2, 3]               # not [1, 2, 3, 4]